人
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- This article is about humans of the last 30,000 years. For other uses, see Human (disambiguation).
| 人 保护现状：安全 | |
|---|---|
 人类男性与女性 | |
| 分类 | |
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| 界： | 动物界 |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 |
| 目： | 灵长目 |
| 科： | 人科 |
| 亚科： | 人亚科 |
| 属： | 人属 |
| 种： | sapiens - 智人
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| 学名 | |
| Homo sapiens 林奈 | |
| 亚种 | |
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Homo sapiens idaltu - 长者智人（灭绝） | |
生物学上人的学名為Homo sapiens(拉丁文的意思為"knowing man"),与黑猩猩,大猩猩,猩猩,长臂猿,合趾猿同属人科的灵长目动物[1]。人类与其它灵长目动物的不同在於人类直立的身体,高度发展的大脑,以及由高度发展的大脑而来的推理与语言能力。
行為学上的人类定义, 使用语言,不同的文化,用以互助所组成的各种社会组织,与高度发展的科技。这些行為学上的差异也照成了由许多不同的belief, myth, ritual, values, social norm所组成的各种 文化。
目录 |
概述
未成年雄性人类称為男孩，而成年者称為男人。未成年雌性人类称為女孩，而成年者称為女人。 通常以个人或人来称呼个别的人类,以全人类称呼所有的人类。
在哲学与法律裡,人类、人、个体是有著不同的意义的.前者指的是这个种族,而后者则是一个行為个体: 譬如说在 John Locke的Essay concerning Human Understanding II 27 和Immanuel Kant的 Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals. 个体就用来指称一些非人的动物, 同时也可指称mythical being,artificial intelligence,或是extraterrestrial. 在theology与philosophy of religion上的一个重要的议题即是God是否為一个个体(See also Great ape personhood.)
在拉丁文裡, humanus為homo之形容词态,意思為'人'(男或女). 古英文的man同时也有这样的意思在内,如复合字wifman (“女人”) → wiman → woman. man 的语源请见see mannaz.
生物学
生与死
生理特徵
Main articles: Human anatomy, Human physical appearance, Human height
基因学
Main article: Genetics of humans
智能
Main article: human intelligence; see below: Human#Consciousness
情感
性活动
主体
栖息处
语言
数量
起源
Main article: Human evolution
- bipedal locomotion;
- descent of the larynx, which makes speech possible.
文化
宗教观点
泛灵论
Bold text
神秘主义
多神论
一神论
人本主义
社会
自我意识
精神
自我投射
人类的灭绝
Template:Seemain 人类的灭绝探讨人类这个种族灭绝的可能性,不管是天灾还是人祸(譬如说由於pollution, 或是使用nuclear weapon).
See also
- Anthropology
- Culture
- Civilization
- homo (genus), humanoid
- human behaviour
- human biology, human ecology, human evolution, human variability
- environmentalism
- space and survival
- world population, world hunger
- human rights, humanitarian, human condition, human nature
- humanism, transhumanism
- humanities
- man, woman, child and baby
- Mannaz (etymology)
- personal life
- parahumans
References
- Taxonomy of living primates, Minnesota State University Mankato, retrieved April 4, 2005
- Life expectancy in the U.S., 2001, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 8, 2004, retrieved April 2, 2005
- U.N. Statistics on Population Ageing, United Nations press release, February 28, 2002, retrieved April 2, 2005
- The World Factbook], U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved April 2, 2005
- "Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality", All-Psych online, retrieved April 2, 2005
- "Conscious Awareness & The Unconscious Mind" by Rhawn Joseph, Brainmind.com, retrieved April 3, 2005
- "Chimpanzee Communication: Insight into the Origin of Language" by Amy Stafford, Minnesota State University Mankato, retrieved April 4, 2005
- Genetic migrations, by Kevin Duerinck, retrieved April 5, 2005
- Boyd, Robert, and Joan B. Silk. 2003. How Humans Evolved. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0393978540.
- Descartes, René. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. (Meditations first published 1641), Hackett Publishing Company, 1999, ISBN 0872204200
- Dennett, Daniel. Consciousness Explained. Little Brown & Co, 1991, ISBN 0316180653
- Pascal, Blaise. 1669. Pensées. Penguin Books, 1995; ISBN 0140446451
- Saint Augustine. Augustine: Earlier Writings, Westminster John Knox Press, 1979, ISBN 066424162X
Further reading
- Look at Modern Human Origins by C. David Kreger.
- Homo Sapiens Tree of Life web project
- "Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways" by Nicholas Wade, New York Times, August 19, 2003.
- 3-D Brain Anatomy, "The Secret Life of the Brain," Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved April 3, 2005
- Human evolution: the fossil evidence in 3D by Philip L. Walker and Edward H. Hagen, Dept of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, retrieved April 5, 2005
- Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1963. "Anthropology and the natural sciences-The problem of human evolution," Current Anthropology 4 (2): 138-148.
- Gitt, W. 1999. The Wonder of Man (pdf; large download; creationism)
- Jablonski, N.G. & Chaplin, G. 2000. "The evolution of human skin coloration." Journal of Human Evolution 39: 57-106. [2] (pdf)
- Robin, Ashley. 1991. Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; and Wooding, Stephen. 2004. "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair." Current Anthropology 45 (1): 105-108.
- Sagan, Carl. 1978. The Dragons of Eden, A Balantine Book, ISBN 0345346297
